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Background  Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs), a large group of cysteine proteases, are structurally related to papain. The members belonging to PLCPs family contribute to plant immunity, senescence, and defense responses in plants. The  PLCP  gene family has been identified in Arabidopsis, rice, soybean, and cotton. However, no systematic analysis of  PLCP  genes has been undertaken in grapevine. Since  Plasmopara viticola  as a destructive pathogen could affect immunity of grapes in the field, we considered that the members belonged to PLCPs family could play a crucial role in defensive mechanisms or programmed cell death. We aimed to evaluate the role of  PLCPs  in 2 different varieties of grapevines and compared the changes of their expressions with the transcriptional data in response to  P. viticola .    Results  In this study, 23 grapevine  PLCP  ( VvPLCP ) genes were identified by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Subsequently, the chromosomal localizations, gene structure, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationship, gene duplication, and cis-acting elements were analyzed. Numerous cis-acting elements related to plant development, hormone, and stress responses were identified in the promoter of the  VvPLCP  genes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the  VvPLCP  genes into nine subgroups. The transcription of  VvPLCP  in different inoculation time points and varieties indicated that  VvPLCP  may have vital functions in grapevine defense against  Plasmopara viticola . According to transcriptome data and qPCR analysis, we observed the increasing expression levels of  VvRD21–1  at 72 h after inoculation in resistant variety, inferring that it was related to grape downy mildew resistance. Meanwhile, 3 genes including  VvXBCP1 ,  VvSAG12–1,  and  VvALP1  showed higher expression at 24 h after pathogen inoculation in the susceptible variety and might be related to the downy mildew phenotype. We nominated these four genes to function during hypersensitive response (HR) process, inferring that these genes could be associated with downy mildew resistance in grapes.    Conclusions  Our results provide the reference for functional studies of  PLCP  gene family, and highlight its functions in grapevine defense against  P. viticola . The results help us to better understand the complexity of the  PLCP  gene family in plant immunity and provide valuable information for future functional characterization of specific genes in grapevine.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03279-w.

“The PLCP gene family of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): characterization and differential expression in response to Plasmopara Viticola”