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Background  GRAS transcription factors perform indispensable functions in various biological processes, such as plant growth, fruit development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The development of whole-genome sequencing has allowed the  GRAS  gene family to be identified and characterized in many species. However, thorough in-depth identification or systematic analysis of  GRAS  family genes in foxtail millet has not been conducted.    Results  In this study, 57  GRAS  genes of foxtail millet ( SiGRASs ) were identified and renamed according to the chromosomal distribution of the  SiGRAS  genes. Based on the number of conserved domains and gene structure, the  SiGRAS  genes were divided into 13 subfamilies via phylogenetic tree analysis. The  GRAS  genes were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes, and members of the same subfamily had similar gene structures and motif compositions. Genetic structure analysis showed that most  SiGRAS  genes lacked introns. Some  SiGRAS  genes were derived from gene duplication events, and segmental duplications may have contributed more to  GRAS  gene family expansion than tandem duplications. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed significant differences in the expression of  SiGRAS  genes in different tissues and stages of fruits development, which indicated the complexity of the physiological functions of  SiGRAS . In addition, exogenous paclobutrazol treatment significantly altered the transcription levels of DELLA subfamily members, downregulated the gibberellin content, and decreased the plant height of foxtail millet, while it increased the fruit weight. In addition,  SiGRAS13  and  SiGRAS25  may have the potential for genetic improvement and functional gene research in foxtail millet.    Conclusions  Collectively, this study will be helpful for further analysing the biological function of  SiGRAS . Our results may contribute to improving the genetic breeding of foxtail millet.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03277-y.

Genome-wide investigation of the GRAS transcription factor family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)