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Sex has proven to be one of the most intriguing areas of research across evolution, development, and ecology. Intersex or sex change occurs frequently in molluscs. The deep-sea mussel  Gigantidas haimaensis  often dominates within  Haima  cold seep ecosystems, but details of their reproduction remain unknown. Herein, we conducted a combined proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of  G. haimaensis  gonads to provide a systematic understanding of sexual development in deep-sea bivalves. A total of 2,452 out of 42,238 genes (5.81%) and 288 out of 7,089 proteins (4.06%) were significantly differentially expressed between ovaries and testes with a false discovery rate (FDR) &lt;0.05. Candidate genes involved in sexual development were identified; among 12 differentially expressed genes between sexes, four ovary-biased genes (β-catenin, fem-1, forkhead box L2 and membrane progestin receptor α) were expressed significantly higher in males than females. Combining histological characteristics, we speculate that the males maybe intersex undergoing sex change, and implied that these genes may be involved in the process of male testis converting into female gonads in  G. haimaensis . The results suggest that this adaptation may be based on local environmental factors, sedentary lifestyles, and patchy distribution, and sex change may facilitate adaptation to a changing environment and expansion of the population. The findings provide a valuable genetic resource to better understand the mechanisms of sex change and survival strategies in deep-sea bivalves.

Proteome and Transcriptome Analysis of Gonads Reveals Intersex in Gigantidas haimaensis