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Background Three-amino-loop-extension (TALE) superfamily genes are widely present in plants and function directly in plant growth and development and abiotic stress response. Although  TALE  genes have been studied in many plant species, members of the TALE family have not been identified in wheat. Results In this study, we identified 70 wheat TALE protein candidate genes divided into two subfamilies, KNOX (KNOTTED-like homeodomain) and BEL1-like (BLH/BELL homeodomain). Genes in the same subfamily or branch in the phylogenetic tree are similar in structure, and their encoded proteins have similar motifs and conserved structures. Wheat  TALE  genes are unevenly distributed on 21 chromosomes and expanded on the fourth chromosome. Through gene duplication analysis, 53 pairs of wheat  TALE  genes were determined to result from segmental duplication events, and five pairs were caused by tandem duplication events. The Ka/Ks between  TALE  gene pairs indicates a strong purification and selection effect. There are multiple cis-elements in the 2000 bp promoter sequence that respond to hormones and abiotic stress, indicating that most wheat  TALE  genes are involved in the growth, development, and stress response of wheat. We also studied the expression profiles of wheat  TALE  genes in different developmental stages and tissues and under different stress treatments. We detected the expression levels of four  TALE  genes by qRT-PCR, and selected  TaKNOX11-A  for further downstream analysis.  TaKNOX11-A  enhanced the drought and salt tolerances of  Arabidopsis thaliana .  TaKNOX11-A  overexpressing plants had decreased malondialdehyde content and increased proline content, allowing for more effective adaptation of plants to unfavorable environments. Conclusions We identified TALE superfamily members in wheat and conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. The discovery of the potential role of  TaKNOX11-A  in drought resistance and salt tolerance provides a basis for follow-up studies of wheat TALE family members, and also provides new genetic resources for improving the stress resistance of wheat.

Genome-wide analysis of TALE superfamily in Triticum aestivum reveals TaKNOX11-A is involved in abiotic stress response