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Background  SQUAMOSA promoter binding proteins ( SBPs ) genes encode a family of plant-specific transcription factors involved in various growth and development processes, including flower and fruit development, leaf initiation, phase transition, and embryonic development. The  SBP  gene family has been identified and characterized in many species, but no systematic analysis of the  SBP  gene family has been carried out in sugarcane.    Results  In the present study, a total of 50 sequences for 30  SBP  genes were identified by the genome-wide analysis and designated  SsSBP1  to  SsSBP30  based on their chromosomal distribution. According to the phylogenetic tree, gene structure and motif features, the  SsSBP  genes were classified into eight groups (I to VIII). By synteny analysis, 27 homologous gene pairs existed in  SsSBP  genes, and 37 orthologous gene pairs between sugarcane and sorghum were found. Expression analysis in different tissues, including vegetative and reproductive organs, showed differential expression patterns of  SsSBP  genes, indicating their functional diversity in the various developmental processes. Additionally, 22  SsSBP  genes were predicted as the potential targets of miR156. The differential expression pattern of miR156 exhibited a negative correlation of transcription levels between miR156 and the  SsSBP  gene in different tissues.    Conclusions  The sugarcane genome possesses 30  SsSBP  genes, and they shared similar gene structures and motif features in their subfamily. Based on the transcriptional and qRT-PCR analysis, most  SsSBP  genes were found to regulate the leaf initial and female reproductive development. The present study comprehensively and systematically analyzed  SBP  genes in sugarcane and provided a foundation for further studies on the functional characteristics of  SsSBP  genes during different development processes.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08090-3.

Genomic analysis of SBP gene family in Saccharum spontaneum reveals their association with vegetative and reproductive development