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Background  We have previously suggested that some of the mutations defining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups J and K produce an uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation and thus are detrimental for elite endurance performance. Here, the association between haplogroups J and K and physical performance was determined in a population-based cohort of 1036 Finnish military conscripts.    Results  Following a standard-dose training period, excellence in endurance performance was less frequent among subjects with haplogroups J or K than among subjects with non-JK haplogroups ( p  = 0.041), and this finding was more apparent among the best-performing subjects ( p  < 0.001).    Conclusions  These results suggest that mtDNA haplogroups are one of the genetic determinants explaining individual variability in the adaptive response to endurance training, and mtDNA haplogroups J and K are markers of low-responders in exercise training.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07383-x.

Association of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups J and K with low response in exercise training among Finnish military conscripts