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Background  Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that are conserved from archaebacteria to mammals. They are associated in the nucleolus, with proteins to form small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNPs). They modify ribosomal RNAs, for example, the H/ACA box that converts uridine to pseudouridine. In humans, various pathologies have been associated with snoRNAs, and several snoRNAs have been reported to participate in many cancer processes. Recently, a new H/ACA box snoRNA named  jouvence  has been identified in  Drosophila  and has been shown to be involved in lifespan determination in relation to gut homeostasis. Because snoRNAs are conserved through evolution, both structurally and functionally, a  jouvence  orthologue has been identified in humans. RT-PCR has revealed that  jouvence  is expressed, suggesting that it might be functional. These results suggest the hypothesis that  jouvence  may display similar functions, including increasing the healthy lifespan in humans.    Results  Here, we report the characterization of the human snoRNA  jouvence , which has not yet been annotated in the genome. We show that its overexpression significantly stimulates cell proliferation, both in various stable cancerous cell lines as well as in primary cells. By contrast, its knockdown by siRNA leads to the opposite phenotype, a rapid decrease in cell proliferation. Transcriptomic analysis (RNA-Seq) revealed that the overexpression of  jouvence  leads to a dedifferentiation signature of the cells. Conversely, the knockdown of  jouvence  led to a striking decrease in the expression levels of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and the spliceosome.    Conclusion  The overexpression of a single and short non-coding RNA of 159 nucleotides, the snoRNA- jouvence , seems to be sufficient to reorient cells toward stemness, while its depletion blocks cell proliferation. In this context, we speculate that the overexpression of  jouvence , which appears to be a non-canonical H/ACA snoRNA, could represent a new tool to fight against the deleterious effects of aging, while inversely, its knockdown by siRNA could represent a new approach in cancer therapy.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07197-3.

jouvence, a new human snoRNA involved in the control of cell proliferation