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Background  Belonging to lineage I of Brassicaceae,  Camelina sativa  is formed by two hybridizations of three species (three sub-genomes). The three sub-genomes were diverged from a common ancestor, likely derived from lineage I (Ancestral Crucifer karyotype, ACK). The karyotype evolutionary trajectories of the  C. sativa  chromosomes are currently unknown. Here, we managed to adopt a telomere-centric theory proposed previously to explain the karyotype evolution in  C. sativa .    Results  By characterizing the homology between  A. lyrata  and  C. sativa  chromosomes, we inferred ancestral diploid karyotype of  C. sativa  (ADK), including 7 ancestral chromosomes, and reconstructed the evolutionary trajectories leading to the formation of extant  C. sativa  genome. The process involved 2 chromosome fusions. We found that sub-genomes Cs-G1 and Cs-G2 may share a closer common ancestor than Cs-G3. Together with other lines of evidence from Arabidopsis, we propose that the Brassicaceae plants, even the eudicots, follow a chromosome fusion mechanism favoring end-end joining of different chromosomes, rather than a mechanism favoring the formation circular chromosomes and nested chromosome fusion preferred by the monocots.    Conclusions  The present work will contribute to understanding the formation of  C. sativa  chromosomes, providing insight into Brassicaceae karyotype evolution.

An updated explanation of ancestral karyotype changes and reconstruction of evolutionary trajectories to form Camelina sativa chromosomes