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Background  Skeletal muscle growth and development are closely associated with the quantity and quality of pork production. We performed a transcriptomic analysis of 12  Longissimus dorsi  muscle samples from Tibetan piglets at four postnatal stages of 0, 14, 30, and 60 days using RNA sequencing.    Results  According to the pairwise comparisons between the libraries of the muscle samples at the four postnatal stages, a total of 4115 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in terms of |log 2 (fold change)| ≥ 1 and an adjusted  P  value < 0.01. Short-time series expression miner (STEM) analysis of the DEGs identified eight significantly different expression profiles, which were divided into two clusters based on the expression pattern. DEGs in cluster I displayed a pattern of decreasing to a nadir, and then a rise, and the significantly enriched gene ontology (GO) terms detected using them were involved in multiple processes, of which the cell cycle, immunocyte activation and proliferation, as well as actin cytoskeleton organization, were the top three overrepresented processes based on the GO terms functional classification. DEGs in cluster II displayed a pattern of increasing to a peak, then declining, which mainly contributed to protein metabolism. Furthermore, besides the pathways related to immune system, a few diseases, and protein metabolism, the DEGs in clusters I and II were significantly enriched in pathways related to muscle growth and development, such as the Rap1, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, and mTOR signaling pathways.    Conclusions  This study revealed GO terms and pathways that could affect the postnatal muscle growth and development in piglets. In addition, this study provides crucial information concerning the molecular mechanisms of muscle growth and development as well as an overview of the piglet transcriptome dynamics throughout the postnatal period in terms of growth and development.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-021-00984-1.

Dynamic transcriptome profiles of postnatal porcine skeletal muscle growth and development