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Grain weight and grain number, the two important yield traits, are mainly determined by grain size and panicle architecture in rice. Herein, we report the identification and functional analysis of  OsSPL4  in panicle and grain development of rice. Using CRISPR/Cas9 system, two elite alleles of  OsSPL4  were obtained, which exhibited an increasing number of grains per panicle and grain size, resulting in increase of rice yield. Cytological analysis showed that  OsSPL4  could regulate spikelet development by promoting cell division. The results of RNA-seq and qRT-PCR validations also demonstrated that several MADS-box and cell-cycle genes were up-regulated in the mutation lines. Co-expression network revealed that many yield-related genes were involved in the regulation network of  OsSPL4 . In addition,  OsSPL4  could be cleaved by the osa-miR156 in vivo, and the  OsmiR156 - OsSPL4  module might regulate the grain size in rice. Further analysis indicated that the large-grain allele of  OsSPL4  in  indica  rice might introgress from  aus  varieties under artificial selection. Taken together, our findings suggested that  OsSPL4  could be as a key regulator of grain size by acting on cell division control and provided a strategy for panicle architecture and grain size modification for yield improvement in rice.   Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12284-021-00531-7.

The Elite Alleles of OsSPL4 Regulate Grain Size and Increase Grain Yield in Rice