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Background  Evaluation of the adverse health effects of PM 10  pollution (particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter) is very important for protecting human health and establishing pollution control policy. Population exposure estimation is the first step in formulating exposure data for quantitative assessment of harmful PM 10  pollution.    Methods  In this paper, we estimate PM 10  concentration using a spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution 0.01° × 0.01°. PM 10  concentration data from monitoring stations are spatially interpolated, based on accurate population data in 2000 using a geographic information system. Then, an interpolated population layer is overlaid with an interpolated PM 10  concentration layer, and population exposure levels are calculated. Combined with the exposure-response function between PM 10  and health endpoints, economic costs of the adverse health effects of PM 10  pollution are analyzed.    Results  The results indicate that the population in Lanzhou urban areas is distributed in a narrow and long belt, and there are relatively large population spatial gradients in the XiGu, ChengGuan and QiLiHe districts. We select threshold concentration C 0  at: 0 μg m -3  (no harmful health effects), 20 μg m -3  (recommended by the World Health Organization), and 50 μg m -3  (national first class standard in China) to calculate excess morbidity cases. For these three scenarios, proportions of the economic cost of PM 10  pollution-related adverse health effects relative to GDP are 0.206%, 0.194% and 0.175%, respectively. The impact of meteorological factors on PM 10  concentrations in 2000 is also analyzed. Sandstorm weather in spring, inversion layers in winter, and precipitation in summer are important factors associated with change in PM 10  concentration.    Conclusions  The population distribution by exposure level shows that the majority of people live in polluted areas. With the improvement of evaluation criteria, economic damage of respiratory disease caused by PM 10  is much bigger. The health effects of Lanzhou urban residents should not be ignored. The government needs to find a better way to balance the health of residents and economy development. And balance the pros and cons before making a final policy.

Assessment of population exposure to PM10 for respiratory disease in Lanzhou (China) and its health-related economic costs based on GIS