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Background  Owl monkeys, belonging to the genus  Aotus , have been extensively used as animal models in biomedical research but few reports have focused on the taxonomy and phylogeography of this genus. Moreover, the morphological similarity of several  Aotus  species has led to frequent misidentifications, mainly at the boundaries of their distribution. In this study, sequence data from five mitochondrial regions and the nuclear, Y-linked,  SRY  gene were used for species identification and phylogenetic reconstructions using well characterized specimens of  Aotus nancymaae ,  A. vociferans ,  A. lemurinus ,  A. griseimembra ,  A. trivirgatus ,  A. nigriceps ,  A. azarae boliviensis  and  A. infulatus .    Results  The complete  MT-CO1 ,  MT-TS1 ,  MT-TD, MT-CO2 ,  MT-CYB  regions were sequenced in 18  Aotus  specimens. ML and Bayesian topologies of concatenated data and separate regions allowed for the proposition of a tentative  Aotus  phylogeny, indicating that  Aotus  diverged some 4.62 Million years before present (MYBP). Similar analyses with included GenBank specimens were useful for assessing species identification of deposited data.    Conclusions  Alternative phylogenetic reconstructions, when compared with karyotypic and biogeographic data, led to the proposition of evolutionary scenarios questioning the conventional diversification of this genus in monophyletic groups with grey and red necks. Moreover, genetic distance estimates and haplotypic differences were useful for species validations.

Identification, classification and evolution of Owl Monkeys (Aotus, Illiger 1811)