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Background  Preterm birth is linked to cardiovascular risks and diseases. Endothelial progenitor cells play a critical role in vascular development and repair. Cord blood endothelial progenitor cells of preterm‐born infants, especially endothelial colony‐forming cells ( ECFC ), show enhanced susceptibility to prematurity‐related pro‐oxidant stress. Whether  ECFC  dysfunction is present in adulthood following preterm birth is unknown.    Methods and Results  This cross‐sectional observational study includes 55 preterm‐born (≤29 gestational weeks) young adults (18–29 years old, 38% male) and 55 sex‐ and age‐matched full‐term controls.  ECFC  were isolated from peripheral blood; cell proliferative and vascular cord formation capacities were assessed in vitro. Daytime systolic blood pressure was higher, whereas glucose tolerance and body mass index were lower in preterm‐born subjects.  ECFC  colonies grew in culture for 62% of full‐term‐ and 58% of preterm‐born participants. Preterm‐born participants have formed  ECFC  colonies later in culture and have reduced proliferation compared with controls. Only in preterm‐born individuals, we observed that the later the  ECFC  colony grows in culture, the worse was overall  ECFC  function. In addition, in preterms, elevated systolic blood pressure significantly correlated with reduced  ECFC  proliferation ( r S  =−0.463;  P =0.030) and numbers of branches formed on matrigel ( r S  =−0.443;  P =0.039). In preterm‐born subjects, bronchopulmonary dysplasia was associated with impaired  ECFC  function, whereas exposure to antenatal steroids related to better  ECFC  function.    Conclusions  This study is the first to examine  ECFC  in preterm‐born adults and to demonstrate  ECFC  dysfunction compared with full‐term controls. In the preterm‐born group,  ECFC  dysfunction was associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the major prematurity‐related neonatal morbidity, and with increased systolic blood pressure into adulthood.

Endothelial Colony‐Forming Cells in Young Adults Born Preterm: A Novel Link Between Neonatal Complications and Adult Risks for Cardiovascular Disease