Open AccessIntermediate Pause at Daytime Is Associated With Increased Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality: An 8‐Year Cohort Study
Author(s) -
Liu ChihMin,
Lin ChinYu,
Chang ShihLin,
Lin YennJiang,
Lo LiWei,
Hu YuFeng,
Chao TzeFan,
Chung FaPo,
Tuan TaChuan,
Liao JoNan,
Chen YunYu,
Te Abigail Louise D.,
Yamada Shinya,
Kuo Ling,
Li HsingYuan,
Chang TingYung,
Minh Hoang Quang,
Salim Simon,
Ba Vu Van,
Vicera Jennifer Jeanne B.,
Wu ChengI,
Chuang ChiehMao,
Huang TingChung,
Hsieh YuCheng,
Chen ShihAnn
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of the american heart association
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.494
H-Index - 85
ISSN - 2047-9980
DOI - 10.1161/jaha.118.009034
Subject(s) - medicine , hazard ratio , atrial fibrillation , asymptomatic , cardiology , proportional hazards model , daytime , cohort , confidence interval , atmospheric sciences , geology
Background Long‐term cardiovascular risk in patients with intermediate pauses remains unclear. Whether asymptomatic patients with intermediate pauses have increased future cardiovascular events remains unknown. We hypothesize that intermediate pause is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and mortality. Methods and Results We retrospectively analyzed 5291 patients who have pauses of <3 seconds on 24‐hour Holter monitoring. Patients with pauses of 2 to 3 seconds constitute the intermediate pause patients, who are further divided into daytime pause (8:00 am –8:00 pm ), nighttime pause (8:00 pm –8:00 am ), and daytime plus nighttime pause groups depending on the occurring time of the pauses. The rest of the patients (pause <2 seconds) are the no pause group. The multivariate Cox hazards regression model was used to assess the hazard ratio for mortality (primary outcome) and adverse cardiovascular events (secondary outcome). There were 4859 (91.8%) patients in no pause, 248 (4.7%) in nighttime pause, 103 (1.9%) in daytime pause, and 81 (1.5%) in daytime plus nighttime pause groups. After a follow‐up of 8.8±1.7 years’ follow‐up, 343 (6.5%) patients died. The risk for adverse cardiovascular events, including all‐cause hospitalization, cardiovascular‐cause hospitalization, pacemaker implantation, new‐onset atrial fibrillation/heart failure, and transient ischemic attack, were higher in daytime pause and nighttime pause patients than those in the no pause group. Daytime pause (hazard ratio, 2.35; P =0.008) and daytime plus nighttime pause (hazard ratio, 2.26; P =0.016) patients have a higher mortality rate than that in nighttime pause. Conclusions Patients with intermediate pause are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Intermediate pauses occurring at daytime have a higher mortality rate than that at nighttime during long‐term follow‐up.