English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Open

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Insights

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Background  Transposition of the great arteries is one of the most commonly diagnosed conotruncal heart defects at birth, but its etiology is largely unknown. The anterior heart field ( AHF ) that resides in the anterior pharyngeal arches contributes to conotruncal development, during which heart progenitors that originated from the left and right  AHF  migrate to form distinct conotruncal regions. The aim of this study is to identify abnormal AHF development that causes the morphology of transposition of the great arteries.    Methods and Results  We placed a retinoic acid–soaked bead on the left or the right or on both sides of the  AHF  of stage 12 to 14 chick embryos and examined the conotruncal heart defect at stage 34. Transposition of the great arteries was diagnosed at high incidence in embryos for which a retinoic acid–soaked bead had been placed in the left  AHF  at stage 12. Fluorescent dye tracing showed that  AHF  exposed to retinoic acid failed to contribute to conotruncus development.  FGF 8 and Isl1 expression were downregulated in retinoic acid–exposed  AHF , and differentiation and expansion of cardiomyocytes were suppressed in cultured  AHF  in medium supplemented with retinoic acid.    Conclusions  The left  AHF  at the early looped heart stage, corresponding to Carnegie stages 10 to 11 (28 to 29 days after fertilization) in human embryos, is the region of the impediment that causes the morphology of transposition of the great arteries.

Impaired Development of Left Anterior Heart Field by Ectopic Retinoic Acid Causes Transposition of the Great Arteries