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PARP inhibition induces robust local and systemic antitumor immune responses and curative responses when combined with immune checkpoint blockade in many preclinical studies. However, the combination has not markedly improved antitumor effect compared with individual agents in clinical trials to date. We propose that the data from these trials indicate a lack of synergistic interaction of PARP inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade, with implications for reexamining our current strategies for clinical translation. As current mouse models do not recapitulate the genomic heterogeneity or tumor microenvironment of human cancers, better models are urgently needed. Tumor-extrinsic factors modulate immune checkpoint blockade response and they may be better assessed in early-phase clinical trials with frequent tissue and blood sampling. Further work is also needed to uncover the dose and schedule dependency of DNA repair modulation on the immune system. In homologous recombination repair-deficient tumors, randomized trials should be prioritized to address whether the benefit is superior to that of PARP inhibitor monotherapy. In tumors that are not homologous recombination repair deficient, research biopsies should be integrated to early-phase clinical trials to discover biomarkers that can predict clinical benefit. These considerations are relevant to the variety of adjunctive therapeutics being combined with immune checkpoint blockade to improve probability, duration, and potency of antitumor activity.

Targeting DNA Repair to Drive Immune Responses: It's Time to Reconsider the Strategy for Clinical Translation