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Realizing accurate detection of an unknown radio transmitter (URT) has become a challenge problem due to its unknown parameter information. A method based on received signal strength difference (RSSD) fingerprint positioning technique and using factor graph (FG) has been successfully developed to achieve the localization of an URT. However, the RSSD-based FG model is not accurate enough to express the relationship between the RSSD and the corresponding location coordinates since the RSSD variances of reference points are different in practice. This paper proposes an enhanced RSSD-based FG algorithm using weighted least square (WLS) to effectively reduce the impact of RSSD measurement variance difference on positioning accuracy. By the use of stochastic RSSD errors between the measured value and the estimated value of the selected reference points, we utilize the error weight matrix to establish a new WLSFG model. Then, the positioning process of proposed RSSD-WLSFG algorithm is derived with the sum-product principle. In addition, the paper also explores the effects of different access point (AP) numbers and grid distances on positioning accuracy. The simulation experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain the best positioning performance compared with the conventional RSSD-based K nearest neighbor (RSSD-KNN) and RSSD-FG algorithms in the case of different AP numbers and grid distances.

An RSSD-Based Fingerprint Positioning Method for Detection of an Unknown Radio Transmitter Using WLS and Factor Graph