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Solana is an emerging blockchain platform, recognized for its high throughputand low transaction costs, positioning it as a preferred infrastructure forDecentralized Finance (DeFi), Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and other Web 3.0applications. In the Solana ecosystem, transaction initiators submit variousinstructions to interact with a diverse range of Solana smart contracts, amongwhich are decentralized exchanges (DEXs) that utilize automated market makers(AMMs), allowing users to trade cryptocurrencies directly on the blockchainwithout the need for intermediaries. Despite the high throughput and lowtransaction costs of Solana, the advantages have exposed Solana to bot spammingfor financial exploitation, resulting in the prevalence of failed transactionsand network congestion.  Prior work on Solana has mainly focused on the evaluation of the performanceof the Solana blockchain, particularly scalability and transaction throughput,as well as on the improvement of smart contract security, leaving a gap inunderstanding the characteristics and implications of failed transactions onSolana. To address this gap, we conducted a large-scale empirical study offailed transactions on Solana, using a curated dataset of over 1.5 billionfailed transactions across more than 72 million blocks. Specifically, we firstcharacterized the failed transactions in terms of their initiators,failure-triggering programs, and temporal patterns, and compared their blockpositions and transaction costs with those of successful transactions. We thencategorized the failed transactions by the error messages in their error logs,and investigated how specific programs and transaction initiators areassociated with these errors...

Why Does My Transaction Fail? A First Look at Failed Transactions on the Solana Blockchain