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TheEscherichia coli umuD andumuC genes comprise an operon and encode proteins that are involved in the mutagenic bypass of normally replication-inhibiting DNA lesions. UmuD is, however, unable to function in this process until it undergoes a RecA-mediated cleavage reaction to generate UmuD′. Many homologs ofumuDC have now been identified. Most are located on bacterial chromosomes or on broad-host-range R plasmids. One such putative homolog,humD (homolog ofumuD ) is, however, found on the bacteriophage P1 genome. Interestingly,humD differs from otherumuD homologs in that it encodes a protein similar in size to the posttranslationally generated UmuD′ protein and not UmuD, nor is it in an operon with a cognateumuC partner. To determine if HumD is, in fact, a bona fide homolog of the prokaryotic UmuD′-like mutagenesis proteins, we have analyzed the ability of HumD to complement UmuD′ functions in vivo as well as examined HumD’s physical properties in vitro. When expressed from a high-copy-number plasmid, HumD restored cellular mutagenesis and increased UV survival to normally nonmutablerecA430 lexA (Def) and UV-sensitive ΔumuDC recA718 lexA (Def) strains, respectively. Complementing activity was reduced when HumD was expressed from a low-copy-number plasmid, but this observation is explained by immunoanalysis which indicates that HumD is normally poorly expressed in vivo. In vitro analysis revealed that like UmuD′, HumD forms a stable dimer in solution and is able to interact withE. coli UmuC and RecA nucleoprotein filaments. We conclude, therefore, that bacteriophage P1 HumD is a functional homolog of the UmuD′-like proteins, and we speculate as to the reasons why P1 might require the activity of such a protein in vivo.

journal of bacteriology

The Bacteriophage P1 HumD Protein Is a Functional Homolog of the Prokaryotic UmuD′-Like Proteins and Facilitates SOS Mutagenesis in <i>Escherichia coli</i>

The Bacteriophage P1 HumD Protein Is a Functional Homolog of the Prokaryotic UmuD′-Like Proteins and Facilitates SOS Mutagenesis in Escherichia coli