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A multicopy plasmid cloning vehicle, pGA22, which carries genes for ampicillin resistance (Apr), tetracycline resistance (Tcr), chloramphenicol resistance (Cmr), and kanamycin resistance (Kmr) has been constructed. This plasmid has five unique sites for restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, XhoI, SmaI, and SalI within antibiotic resistance genes. pGA22, which is 5.1 megadaltons in size, has a low copy number (probably fewer than 10 per genome), is capable of relaxed replication, and is mobilized by F-factor at a frequency of 10(-5). A series of promoter-cloning vehicles, pGA24, pGA39, and pGA46, has been developed from pGA22. In these plasmids the natural promoter for Tcr has been removed and has been replaced by small deoxyribonucleic acid fragments carrying unique sites for several restriction endonucleases. Cells carrying these vectors are sensitive to tetracycline unless insertional activation of the Tcr occurs by cloning a promoter-carrying deoxyribonucleic acid fragment in one of the unique sites adjacent to the 5' end of Tcr. In this way, promoters carried on a HindIII-generated deoxyribonucleic acid fragment can be inserted at the HindIII site of plasmid pGA24, pGA39, or pGA46. A promoter in fragments generated by digestion with restriction endonuclease XmaI or PstI or by any restriction endonucleases which generate flush ends, such as SmaI, PvuII, HpaI, HincII, or HaeIII, can be clones in plasmid pGA39. Plasmid pGA46 can be used to detect a promoter fragment carried on a BglII, BamHI, MboI, or PstI fragment. We also describe a plasmid, pGA44, with a unique KpnI site in the rifampin resistance gene rpoB.

Plasmid vehicles for direct cloning of Escherichia coli promoters