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The design of an effective vaccine againstPlasmodium falciparum , the most deadly malaria parasite of humans, requires a careful definition of the epitopes and the immune responses involved in protection. Liver-stage antigen 1 (LSA-1) is specifically expressed during the hepatic stage ofP. falciparum and elicits cellular and humoral immune responses in naturally exposed individuals. We report here that interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in response to LSA-1 predicts resistance toP. falciparum after eradication therapy. Resistance was not related to gamma interferon or tumor necrosis factor alpha production. This is the first report that human IL-10 responses are associated with resistance after eradication therapy, and our findings support the inclusion of LSA-1 in a vaccine against malaria.

Interleukin-10 Responses to Liver-Stage Antigen 1 Predict Human Resistance toPlasmodium falciparum