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A prominent feature of Lyme disease is the perivascular accumulation of mononuclear leukocytes. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured on amniotic tissue with either interleukin-1 (IL-1) orBorrelia burgdorferi , the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, increased the rate at which human monocytes migrated across the endothelial monolayers. Very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) and CD11/CD18 integrins mediated migration of monocytes across HUVEC exposed to eitherB. burgdorferi or IL-1 in similar manners. Neutralizing antibodies to the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) inhibited the migration of monocytes across unstimulated, IL-1-treated, orB. burgdorferi -stimulated HUVEC by 91% ± 3%, 65% ± 2%, or 25% ± 22%, respectively. Stimulation of HUVEC withB. burgdorferi also promoted a 6-fold ± 2-fold increase in the migration of human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Although MCP-1 played only a limited role in the migration of monocytes acrossB. burgdorferi -treated HUVEC, migration of CD4+ T lymphocytes across HUVEC exposed to spirochetes was highly dependent on this chemokine. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 reduced both migration of monocytes and endothelial production of MCP-1 in response toB. burgdorferi by approximately 50%, yet IL-10 inhibited neither migration nor secretion of MCP-1 when HUVEC were stimulated with IL-1. Our results suggest that activation of endothelium byB. burgdorferi may contribute to formation of the chronic inflammatory infiltrates associated with Lyme disease. The transendothelial migration of monocytes that is induced byB. burgdorferi is significantly less dependent on MCP-1 than is migration induced by IL-1. Selective inhibition by IL-10 further indicates thatB. burgdorferi and IL-1 employ distinct mechanisms to activate endothelial cells.

Borrelia burgdorferiand Interleukin-1 Promote the Transendothelial Migration of Monocytes In Vitro by Different Mechanisms