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The activation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes is essential for the control of leprosy infection in humans and experimental animals. T cells recognize a variety of protein antigens from Mycobacterium leprae, including the 18-kDa protein, which is limited in distribution among mycobacteria and which is absent from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the vaccine strain, Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Adjuvant preparations of mycobacterial protein antigens have had limited protective efficacy for experimental infections in animals. Since recombinant vectors may elicit more effective T-cell responses than adjuvant preparations, recombinant vaccinia virus (VV18) and M. bovis BCG (BCG18) vectors expressing the 18-kDa protein of M. leprae were prepared. Both VV18 and BCG18 stimulated anti-18-kDa protein antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses. Sequential immunization with VV18 followed by BCG18 induced higher levels of specific immunoglobulin G2a antibodies than immunoglobulin G1 antibodies, in contrast to immunization with VV18 or BCG18 alone. The protective efficacy of immunization with VV18 from a challenge with BCG18 was examined in two murine models of mycobacterial infection. After intravenous challenge, mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus exhibited lower initial levels of replication and earlier clearance of BCG18 from their spleens than mice immunized with vaccinia virus expressing an unrelated protein. After footpad infection in a dissemination model, there was earlier clearance of BCG18 from specifically immunized mice. However, immunization of mice with VV18 did not prevent a productive mycobacterial infection.

infection and immunity

Immunogenicity and protection studies with recombinant mycobacteria and vaccinia vectors coexpressing the 18-kilodalton protein of Mycobacterium leprae