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Toxoplasma gondii alone does not induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion by human monocytes and macrophages. Nevertheless, sera from infected patients with high titers of specific immunoglobulin G antibodies against T. gondii induce TNF-alpha secretion, which is significantly higher than the corresponding induction by negative sera (P less than 0.05). After incubation with the positive serum, parasites also induce secretion of this cytokine, but TNF-alpha levels are lower (11.4 to 71.8%) than those obtained with positive serum alone. Therefore, this secretion seems to be elicited in part by antibody-T. gondii complexes and/or another unidentified factor(s), probably different from lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1, TNF-alpha, and gamma interferon. In this study, monocytes secreted more TNF-alpha into the culture fluid than macrophages did (P less than 0.05), and no correlation was observed between secretion of this cytokine by the monocytes and the intracellular multiplication of the parasites, evaluated by [3H]uracil incorporation. Sera from patients with other infections diseases did not induce secretion of TNF-alpha; however, serum free of antibodies to T. gondii, obtained from patients with leishmaniosis, also stimulated secretion of the cytokine.

Sera of patients with high titers of immunoglobulin G against Toxoplasma gondii induce secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha by human monocytes