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Phase contrast, ultraviolet microscopy, and freeze-etching were used to determine the amount of exocellular polymer surrounding unfixed cells of four genera of bacteria:Azotobacter vinelandii, Zoogloea ramigera, Leuconostoc mesenteroides , and an acid-tolerant, floc-formingBacillus species. Thin-sectional electron microscopy was employed to measure the effectiveness of a modified ruthenium red staining method. The results obtained with this modification of ruthenium red staining technique were compared to results obtained when previously proposed ruthenium red methods of fixation were employed. The results of these relations were then compared to the amounts of exocellular material as determined with phase-contrast microscopy, ultraviolet microscopy, and freeze-etching. The data obtained indicate that improved fixation of exocellular polymer is achieved when cells are pretreated with ruthenium red as described herein. In addition, the modified methods also reveal cytological detail not apparent when other methods of ruthenium fixation are employed.

Improved Staining of Extracellular Polymer for Electron Microscopy: Examination of Azotobacter, Zoogloea, Leuconostoc , and Bacillus