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The extent and nature of tetracycline resistance in bacterial populations of two apple orchards with no or a limited history of oxytetracycline usage were assessed. Tetracycline-resistant (Tcr ) bacteria were mostly gram negative and represented from 0 to 47% of the total bacterial population on blossoms and leaves (versus 26 to 84% for streptomycin-resistant bacteria). A total of 87 isolates were screened for the presence of specific Tcr determinants. Tcr was determined to be due to the presence of Tet B inPantoea agglomerans and other members of the familyEnterobacteriacae and Tet A, Tet C, or Tet G in mostPseudomonas isolates. The cause of Tcr was not identified in 16% of the isolates studied. The Tcr genes were almost always found on large plasmids which also carried the streptomycin resistance transposon Tn5393 . Transposable elements with Tcr determinants were detected by entrapment following introduction intoEscherichia coli . Tet B was found within Tn10 . Two of eighteen Tet B-containing isolates had an insertion sequence within Tn10 ; one had IS911 located within IS10 -R and one had Tn1000 located upstream of Tet B. Tet A was found within a novel variant of Tn1721 , named Tn1720 , which lacks the left-endorfI of Tn1721 . Tet C was located within a 19-kb transposon, Tn1404 , with transposition genes similar to those of Tn501 , streptomycin (aadA2 ) and sulfonamide (sulI ) resistance genes within an integron, Tet C flanked by direct repeats of IS26 , and four open reading frames, one of which may encode a sulfate permease. Two variants of Tet G with 92% sequence identity were detected.

Distribution of Tetracycline Resistance Genes and Transposons among Phylloplane Bacteria in Michigan Apple Orchards