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We compared the inoculum effects of 105 recent clinical isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae on cefoxitin, other cephalosporins, aztreonam, and three beta-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam) and their penicillin-derived components. Piperacillin and aztreonam showed the largest inoculum effect, and cefoxitin showed the smallest. The other cephalosporins tested (cefotetan, ceftizoxime, and ceftriaxone) showed an intermediate inoculum effect. In general, the inoculum effect was of greater magnitude for the penicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations than for the cephalosporins tested. Bactericidal activity was assayed and morphologic changes were monitored for selected strains exhibiting a large inoculum effect. MICs correlated with bactericidal activity at an inoculum level of 10(5) CFU/ml, while activity at 10(8) CFU/ml was variable. Cefoxitin demonstrated the least filamentous transformation and the most rapid bactericidal activity. Aztreonam showed the most marked filamentous transformation and was no longer bactericidal at 10(8) CFU/ml. The beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations showed variable bactericidal activity, and regrowth occurred with a number of strains with all three agents tested.

antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Comparison of the inoculum effects of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae on cefoxitin and other cephalosporins, beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and the penicillin-derived components of these combinations