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Summary  Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus ( RHDV ) is a lagovirus that can cause fatal hepatitis (rabbit haemorrhagic disease,  RHD ) with mortality of 80–90% in farmed and wild rabbits. Since 1986,  RHDV  has caused outbreaks in rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) in Europe, but never in European brown hares ( Lepus europaeus ,  EBH ). In 2010, a new  RHDV ‐related virus, called  RHDV 2, emerged in Europe, causing extended epidemics because it largely overcame the immunity to  RHDV  present in most rabbit populations.  RHDV 2 also was identified in Cape hare ( Lepus capensis  subsp.  mediterraneus ) and in Italian hare ( Lepus corsicanus ). Here, we describe two distinct incidents of  RHDV 2 infection in  EBH  that occurred in Italy (2012) and Spain (2014). The two  RHDV 2 strains caused macroscopic and microscopic lesions similar to European brown hare syndrome ( EBHS ) in hares, and they were genetically related to other  RHDV 2 strains in Europe.  EBH s are common in Europe, often sharing habitat with rabbits. They likely have been exposed to high levels of  RHDV 2 during outbreaks in rabbits in recent years, yet only two incidents of  RHDV 2 in  EBH s have been found in Italy and Spain, suggesting that  EBH s are not a primary host. Instead, they may act as spillover hosts in situations when infection pressure is high and barriers between rabbits and hares are limited, resulting in occasional infections causing  EBHS ‐like lesions. The serological survey of stocked hare sera taken from Italian and Spanish hare populations provided an understanding of naturally occurring  RHDV 2 infection in the field confirming its sporadic occurrence in  EBH . Our findings increase the knowledge on distribution, host range and epidemiology of  RHDV 2.

transboundary and emerging diseases

Spillover Events of Infection of Brown Hares ( Lepus europaeus ) with Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Type 2 Virus ( RHDV 2) Caused Sporadic Cases of an European Brown Hare Syndrome‐Like Disease in Italy and Spain