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Summary  Recent years have witnessed the discovery of a number of secreted proteins in  Toxoplasma gondii  that play important roles in host–pathogen interactions and parasite virulence, particularly in the mouse model. However, the role that these proteins play in driving the unique features of  T. gondii  compared to some of its nearest apicomplexan relatives ( Hammondia hammondi  and  Neospora caninum ) is unknown. These unique features include distinct dissemination characteristics  in vivo  and a vast host range. In this review we comprehensively survey what is known about disease outcome, the host response and host range for  T. gondii ,  H. hammondi , and  N. caninum . We then review what is presently known about recently identified secreted virulence effectors in these three genetically related, but phenotypically distinct, species. Finally we exploit the existence of genome sequences for these three organisms and discuss what is known about the presence, and functionality, of key  T. gondii  effectors in these three species.

Secreted effectors in Toxoplasma gondii and related species: determinants of host range and pathogenesis?