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Summary  Increasing grain yield has always been the primary goal of crop breeding.  KLUH/CYP78A5  has been shown to affect seed size in several plant species, but the relevant molecular mechanism is still unclear and there are no reports of this gene contributing to yield. Here, we demonstrate that modified expression of  TaCYP78A5  can enhance wheat grain weight and grain yield per plant by accumulating auxin.  TaCYP78A5  is highly expressed in maternal tissues, including ovary and seed coat during wheat development. The constitutive overexpression of  TaCYP78A5  leads to significantly increased seed size and weight but not grain yield per plant due to the strengthening of apical dominance. However, localized overexpression of  TaCYP78A5  in maternal integument enhances grain weight and grain yield per plant by 4.3%–18.8% and 9.6%–14.7%, respectively, in field trials. Transcriptome and hormone metabolome analyses reveal that  TaCYP78A5  participates in auxin synthesis pathway and promotes auxin accumulation and cell wall remodelling in ovary. Phenotype investigation and cytological observation show that localized overexpression of  TaCYP78A5  in ovary results in delayed flowering and prolonged proliferation of maternal integument cells, which promote grain enlargement. Moreover, naturally occurring variations in the promoter of  TaCYP78A5‐2A  contribute to thousand‐grain weight (TGW) and grain yield per plant of wheat; TaCYP78A5‐2A  haplotype  Ap‐Hap II with higher activity is favourable for improving grain weight and grain yield per plant and has been positively selected in wheat breeding. Then, a functional marker of  TaCYP78A5  haplotype  Ap‐Hap II is developed for marker‐assisted selection in wheat grain and yield improvement.

Modified expression of TaCYP78A5 enhances grain weight with yield potential by accumulating auxin in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)