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Summary  Tassel branch number (TBN) is one of the important agronomic traits that directly contribute to grain yield in maize ( Zea mays  L.), and identification of genes precisely regulating TBN in the parental lines is important for maize hybrid breeding. In this study, a quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN),  Q Dtbn1  , related to tassel branch number was identified using a testcrossing association mapping population through association mapping with the Indels/SNPs in the 5′‐UTR (untranslated region) of  Zm00001d053358 , which encodes a Kelch repeat‐containing F‐box protein.  Q Dtbn1   was further confirmed to be associated with TBN by a dominant model using an F 2  population, and over‐expressing of the candidate gene resulted in a decreasing of TBN, implying that  Q Dtbn1   was governed by the candidate gene with a negative model. This makes  Q Dtbn1   very useful in maize hybrid breeding. Q Dtbn1  could interact with a maize Skp1‐like protein and a SnRK1 protein, and the SnRK1 could also interact with a SnRK2.8 protein. In addition, quantitative real‐time PCR assay showed that five substrates of SnRK2 were down‐regulated in the over‐expressed plants. These imply that the SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F‐box protein/Roc1) complex and ABA signal pathway might be involved in the modulation of TBN in maize.

Q Dtbn1 , an F‐box gene affecting maize tassel branch number by a dominant model