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Comparing mainly clinical and functional outcomes as well as prosthesis survival with neutral and residual mild varus alignment, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases from 1 January 1974 to 18 December 2020 to identify studies comparing clinical and functional outcomes as well as prosthesis survival in the presence of different alignments after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for varus knees. The included studies were assessed by two researchers according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Postoperative neutral alignment (0° ± 3°) was compared to residual mild varus (3°–6°) and residual severe varus (>6°). Meta‐analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3. The odds ratios ( OR ) and mean differences (MD) were used to compare dichotomous and continuous variables. The fixed‐effect model and random‐effect model were used to meta‐analyze the data. Nine studies were included in the meta‐analysis with 1410 cases of postoperative neutral alignment, 564 of residual mild varus alignment and 175 of residual severe varus alignment following TKA, all of which were published after 2013. Three studies scored 7 points on the NOS, while the remaining studies scored 8 points, suggesting high quality. The pooled mean differences (MDs) of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score were 1.07 [95% confidence interval ( CI ) −1.06 to 3.20;  P  = 0.32;  I  2  = 79%]. The meta‐analysis showed that neutral alignment and mild varus alignment were associated with similar the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Knee Society Knee Score (KS‐KS), and Knee Society Function Score (KS‐FS), while neutral alignment was associated with lower Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) [mean difference −6.0, 95% confidence interval ( CI ) −9.37 to −2.64,  P  = 0.0005]. Neutral alignment was associated with higher KS‐KS than severe alignment (M 2.98, 95%  CI  1.42 to 4.55,  P  = 0.0002;  I  2  = 0%) as well as higher KS‐FS (M 8.20, 95%  CI  4.58 to 11.82,  P  < 0.00001;  I  2  = 0%). Neutral alignment was associated with similar rate of survival as mild varus alignment (95%  CI  0.36 to 9.10;  P  = 0.48;  I  2  = 65%) or severe varus alignment (95%  CI  0.94 to 37.90;  P  = 0.06;  I  2  = 61%). There was no statistical difference in others. Residual mild varus alignment after TKA may lead to similar or superior outcomes than neutral alignment in patients with preoperative varus knees, yet the available evidence appears to be insufficient to replace the current gold standard of neutral alignment. Severe varus alignment should be avoided.

orthopaedic surgery

Comparison of Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty Involving Postoperative Neutral or Residual Mild Varus Alignment: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis