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Summary    Heat‐stressed  Arabidopsis  plants release heterochromatin‐associated transposable element (TE) silencing, yet it is not accompanied by major reductions of epigenetic repressive modifications. In this study, we explored the functional role of histone H1 in repressing heterochromatic TEs in response to heat stress.  We generated and analyzed RNA and bisulfite‐sequencing data of wild‐type and  h1  mutant seedlings before and after heat stress.  Loss of H1 caused activation of pericentromeric  Gypsy  elements upon heat treatment, despite these elements remaining highly methylated. By contrast, nonpericentromeric  Copia  elements became activated concomitantly with loss of DNA methylation. The same  Copia  elements became activated in heat‐treated  chromomethylase 2  ( cmt2 ) mutants, indicating that H1 represses  Copia  elements through maintaining DNA methylation under heat.  We discovered that H1 is required for TE repression in response to heat stress, but its functional role differs depending on TE location. Strikingly, H1‐deficient plants treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine were highly tolerant to heat stress, suggesting that both H1 and DNA methylation redundantly suppress the plant response to heat stress.

Role of H1 and DNA methylation in selective regulation of transposable elements during heat stress