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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , the notorious necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus with wide distribution, is responsible for sclerotium disease in more than 600 plant species, including many economic crops such as soybean, oilseed rape, and sunflower. The compound appressorium is a crucial multicellular infection structure that is a prerequisite for infecting healthy tissues. Previously, the Forkhead‐box family transcription factors (FOX TFs) SsFoxE2 and SsFKH1 were shown to play a key regulatory role in the hyphae growth, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity of  S. sclerotiorum . However, little is known about the roles of SsFoxE3 regulating growth and development and pathogenicity. Here, we report  SsFoxE3  contributes to sclerotium formation and deletion of  SsFoxE3  leads to reduced formation of compound appressoria and developmental delays. Transcripts of  SsFoxE3  were greatly increased during the initial stage of infection and  SsFoxE3  deficiency reduced virulence on the host, while stabbing inoculation could partially restore pathogenicity. The  SsFoxE3  mutant showed sensitivity to H 2 O 2 , and the expression of reactive oxygen species detoxification and autophagy‐related genes were reduced. Moreover, expression of  SsAtg8  was also decreased during the infection process of the  SsFoxE3  mutant. Yeast 1‐hybrid tests suggested that SsFoxE3 interacted with the promoter of  SsAtg8 . Disruption of  SsAtg8  resulted in a phenotype similar to that of the  SsFoxE3  mutant. Comparative analysis of the level of autophagy in the wild type and  SsFoxE3  mutant showed that N starvation‐induced autophagy was reduced in the  SsFoxE3  mutant. Taken together, our findings indicate that SsFoxE3 plays an important role in compound appressorium formation and is involved in transcriptional activation of  SsAtg8  during infection by  S. sclerotiorum .

molecular plant pathology

Transcription factor SsFoxE3 activating  SsAtg8  is critical for sclerotia, compound appressoria formation, and pathogenicity in  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum