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Summary  Hormones are tuners of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are involved in various complicated networks, through which they modulate responses to different stimuli. Four hormones primarily regulate plant defence to pathogens: salicylic acid ( SA ), jasmonic acid ( JA ), ethylene ( E t) and abscisic acid ( ABA ). In susceptible plants, viral infections result in hormonal disruption, which manifests as the simultaneous induction of several antagonistic hormones. However, these antagonistic hormones may exhibit some sequential accumulation in resistant lines. Virus propagation is usually restricted by the activation of the small interfering  RNA  ( siRNA ) antiviral machinery and/or  SA  signalling pathway. Several studies have investigated these two systems, using different model viruses. However, the roles of hormones other than  SA , especially those with antagonistic properties, such as  ABA , have been neglected. Increasing evidence indicates that hormones control components of the small  RNA  system, which regulates many processes (including the  siRNA  antiviral machinery and the  microRNA  system) at the transcriptional or post‐transcriptional level. Consequently, cross‐talk between the antagonistic  SA  and  ABA  pathways modulates plant responses at multiple levels. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the different roles of hormones in the regulation of plant–virus interactions, which are helping us to elucidate the fine tuning of viral and plant systems by hormones.

Roles of plant hormones in the regulation of host–virus interactions