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Summary  The hemibiotrophic maize pathogen   C   olletotrichum graminicola  synthesizes one intracellular and three secreted siderophores.   eGFP   fusions with the key siderophore biosynthesis gene,   SID1  , encoding  l ‐ornithine‐  N    5  ‐monooxygenase, suggested that siderophore biosynthesis is rigorously downregulated specifically during biotrophic development. In order to investigate the role of siderophores during vegetative development and pathogenesis,   SID1  , which is required for synthesis of all siderophores, and the non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase gene   NPS6  , synthesizing secreted siderophores, were deleted. Mutant analyses revealed that siderophores are required for vegetative growth under iron‐limiting conditions, conidiation,  ROS  tolerance, and cell wall integrity. Δ  sid1   and Δ  nps6   mutants were hampered in formation of melanized appressoria and impaired in virulence. In agreement with biotrophy‐specific downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis, Δ  sid1   and Δ  nps6   strains were not affected in biotrophic development, but spread of necrotrophic hyphae was reduced. To address the question why siderophore biosynthesis is specifically downregulated in biotrophic hyphae, maize leaves were infiltrated with siderophores. Siderophore infiltration alone did not induce defence responses, but formation of biotrophic hyphae in siderophore‐infiltrated leaves caused dramatically increased  ROS  formation and transcriptional activation of genes encoding defence‐related peroxidases and  PR  proteins. These data suggest that fungal siderophores modulate the plant immune system.

molecular microbiology

Biotrophy‐specific downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis in   C   olletotrichum graminicola  is required for modulation of immune responses of maize