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Background & Aims  Adjuvant cytokine‐induced killer ( CIK ) cells treatment has shown potential in reducing the recurrence rate and prolonging the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ). We aimed to identify the best predictive biomarker for adjuvant  CIK  cells treatment in patients with  HCC  after curative resection.    Methods  This study retrospectively included 145 pairs of  HCC  patients by one‐to‐one propensity score matching. One group received  CIK  cells transfusion after surgery (surgery‐ CIK  group); the other one group underwent surgery only (surgery‐only group). Immunohistochemistry ( IHC ) was used to measure  PD ‐1,  PD ‐L1,  CD 4,  CD 8 and Foxp3 expression in tumour tissues of surgery‐ CIK  group;  IHC  of  PD ‐1 and  PD ‐L1 was conducted in the surgery‐only group.    Results  The surgery‐ CIK  group had a significantly higher disease‐free survival ( DFS ) and overall survival ( OS ) rates compared to the surgery‐only group. Of all the intratumoural biomarkers, in the surgery‐ CIK  group, multivariate analysis showed that a high number of  PD ‐1 +  tumour infiltrative lymphocytes ( TIL s) was the only factor that independently predicted favourable  OS  and  DFS . By contrast, in the surgery‐only group, no significant correlations between  PD ‐1/ PD ‐L1 expression and survival of patients were identified. Further correlation analysis showed a high number of  PD ‐1 +   TIL s associated with a high number of both  CD 4 +  and  CD 8 +   TIL s in surgery‐ CIK  group.    Conclusions  A high number of  PD ‐1 +   TIL s can serve as a potent biomarker for adopting  CIK  cells therapy in  HCC  patients after curative resection.

liver international

High number of  PD ‐1 positive intratumoural lymphocytes predicts survival benefit of cytokine‐induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma patients