Open AccessAssessment of bacterial and fungal populations in urine from clinically healthy dogs using next‐generation sequencing
Author(s) -
Melgarejo Tonatiuh,
Oakley Brian B.,
Krumbeck Janina A.,
Tang Shuiquan,
Krantz Adam,
Linde Annika
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of veterinary internal medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.356
H-Index - 103
eISSN - 1939-1676
pISSN - 0891-6640
DOI - 10.1111/jvim.16104
Subject(s) - urine , urinalysis , microbiome , medicine , microbiological culture , microbiology and biotechnology , physiology , biology , bacteria , bioinformatics , genetics
Background Urine from clinically healthy dogs is not sterile. Characterizing microbial diversity and abundance within this population of dogs is important to define normal reference ranges for healthy urine. Objectives To establish composition and relative representation of bacterial and fungal microbiomes in urine of clinically healthy dogs. Animals Fifty clinically healthy dogs. Methods Analytic study. Urine sampling via cystocentesis. Comprehensive evaluation of urine including standard urinalysis, culture and sensitivity, next‐generation sequencing (NGS), and bioinformatics to define bacterial and fungal microbiome. Results Culture did not yield positive results in any samples. Next‐generation sequencing of urine established low presence of bacteria, fungi, or both in all samples. Diversity and abundance of bacterial and fungal communities varied between urine samples from different dogs. Struvite crystals were associated with bacterial community structure ( P = .07) and there was a positive correlation between struvite crystals and pH. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The microbiome in urine of clinically healthy dogs has diverse bacterial and fungal species These findings highlight limitations of conventional culture testing and the need for culture‐independent molecular diagnostics to detect microorganisms in urine.