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Background  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute exacerbation of CKD (ACKD) are common in dogs.    Objective  To characterize the etiology, clinical and laboratory findings, and short‐ and long‐term prognosis of dogs with ACKD.    Animals  One hundred dogs with ACKD.    Methods  Medical records of dogs diagnosed with ACKD admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed.    Results  The most common clinical signs included anorexia (84%), lethargy (77%), vomiting (55%) and diarrhea (37%). Presumptive etiology included inflammatory causes (30%), pyelonephritis (15%), ischemic causes (7%), other (3%), or unknown (45%). Median hospitalization time was 5 days (range, 2‐29 days) and was significantly longer in survivors (6 days; range, 2‐29 days) compared with nonsurvivors (4 days; range, 2‐20 days;  P  < .001). Mortality rate was 35%. International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) acute kidney injury (AKI) grade at presentation was associated ( P  = .009) with short‐term survival, but presumptive etiology was not ( P  = .46). On multivariable analysis; respiratory rate ( P  = .01), creatine kinase (CK) activity ( P  = .005) and serum creatinine concentration (SCR;  P  = .04) at presentation were associated with short‐term outcome. Median survival time of dogs discharged was 105 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 25‐184), with 35 and 8 dogs surviving up to 6 and 12 months, respectively. Presumptive etiology ( P  = .16) and SCR ( P  = .59) at discharge were not predictors of long‐term survival.    Conclusion and Clinical Importance  Short‐term outcome of dogs with ACKD is comparable to those with AKI but long‐term prognosis is guarded. The IRIS AKI grade at presentation is a prognostic indicator of short‐term outcome.

Acute on chronic kidney disease in dogs: Etiology, clinical and clinicopathologic findings, prognostic markers, and survival