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Background  The pathogenic role of mycoplasmas in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of dogs is debated, because mycoplasmas can be isolated from both healthy and sick dogs.    Objectives  To critically assess available data from controlled observational studies on the role of 4 mycoplasma species in LRT disease of dogs.    Design  Systematic review and meta‐analyses.    Methods  Seven electronic databases were searched for relevant publications. Risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Meta‐analyses, stratified by mycoplasmal species, were performed using a random effects Bayesian model with noninformative priors to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between  Mycoplasma cynos ,  Mycoplasma canis ,  Mycoplasma spumans , and  Mycoplasma edwardii  and LRT disease in dogs.    Results  Five studies were included from 1201 references identified. All studies dealt with  M. cynos , whereas 3 dealt with the other mycoplasma species. A significant association was found between  M. cynos  and LRT disease (Bayesian OR, 3.60; CI, 1.31‐10.29). Conversely,  M. canis ,  M. spumans , and  M. edwardii  were not significantly associated with LRT signs (Bayesian OR, 1.06; CI, 0.10‐14.63; Bayesian OR, 3.40; CI, 0.16‐54.27; and Bayesian OR, 1.04; CI, 0.05‐23.54, respectively).    Conclusions and Clinical Importance  Results support a pathogenic role of  M. cynos  and a commensal role of  M. canis  and  M. edwardii  in LRT in dogs. Although the association was not significant based on the CI, the point estimate of the Bayesian OR was relatively high for  M. spumans , making its role less clear.  Mycoplasma cynos ‐specific polymerase chain reaction should be considered on samples from dogs with LRT.

A systematic review and meta‐analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species and lower respiratory tract disease in dogs