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Background  Thoracic ultrasonography ( TUS ) is a specific and relatively sensitive method to diagnose bronchopneumonia ( BP ) in dairy calves. Unfortunately, as it requires specific training and equipment, veterinarians typically base their diagnosis on thoracic auscultation ( AUSC ), which is rapid and easy to perform.    Hypothesis/Objectives  We hypothesized that the use of  TUS,  in addition to  AUSC,  can significantly increase accuracy of  BP  diagnosis. Therefore, the objectives were to (i) determine the incremental value of  TUS  over  AUSC  for diagnosis of  BP  in preweaned dairy calves and (ii) assess diagnostic accuracy of  AUSC .    Animals  Two hundred and nine dairy calves (<1 month of age) were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study.    Methods  Prospective cross‐sectional study. All calves from a veal calves unit were examined (independent operators) using the Wisconsin Calf Respiratory Scoring Criteria ( CRSC ),  AUSC,  and  TUS . A Bayesian latent class approach was used to estimate the incremental value of  AUSC  over  TUS  (integrated discrimination improvement [ IDI ]) and the diagnostic accuracy of  AUSC .    Results  Abnormal  CRSC ,  AUSC,  and  TUS  were recorded in 3.3, 53.1, and 23.9% of calves, respectively.  AUSC  was sensitive (72.9%; 95% Bayesian credible interval [ BCI ]: 50.1–96.4%), but not specific (53.3%; 95%  BCI : 43.3–64.0%) to diagnose  BP . Compared to  AUSC ,  TUS  was more specific (92.9%; 95%  BCI : 86.5–97.1%), but had similar sensitivity (76.5%; 95%  BCI : 60.2–88.8%). The incremental value of  TUS  over  AUSC  was high ( IDI  = 43.7%; 5%  BCI : 22.0–63.0%) significantly improving proportions of sick and healthy calves appropriately classified.    Conclusions and Clinical Importance  The use of  TUS  over  AUSC  significantly improved accuracy of  BP  diagnosis in dairy calves.

journal of veterinary internal medicine

Incremental Value (Bayesian Framework) of Thoracic Ultrasonography over Thoracic Auscultation for Diagnosis of Bronchopneumonia in Preweaned Dairy Calves