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Background  Hypothermia, either therapeutically induced or accidental (ie, an involuntary decrease in core body temperature to <35°C), results in hemostatic disorders. However, it remains unclear whether hypothermia enhances or inhibits coagulation, especially in severe hypothermia. The present study evaluated the thrombocytic and hemostatic changes in hypothermic mice.    Methods  C57Bl/6 mice were placed at an ambient temperature of −20°C under general anesthesia. When the rectal temperature decreased to 15°C, 10 mice were immediately euthanized, while another 10 mice were rewarmed, kept in normal conditions for 24 hours, and then euthanized. These treatments were also performed in 20 splenectomized mice.    Results  The hypothermic mice had adhesion of  CD 62P‐positive platelets with high expression of von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) in their spleens, while the status of the peripheral platelets was unchanged. Furthermore, the plasma levels of platelet factor 4 ( PF 4) and pro‐platelet basic protein ( PPBP ), which are biomarkers for platelet degranulation, were significantly higher in hypothermic mice than in control mice, indicating that hypothermia activated the platelets in the splenic pool. Thus, we analyzed these biomarkers in asplenic mice. There was no increase in either  PF 4 or  PPBP  in splenectomized hypothermic mice. Additionally, the plasma D‐dimer elevation and microthrombosis were caused in rewarmed mice, but not in asplenic rewarmed mice.    Conclusions  Our results indicate that hypothermia leads to platelet activation in the spleen via the upregulation of  vWF , and this activation causes hypercoagulability after rewarming.

Hypothermia‐induced activation of the splenic platelet pool as a risk factor for thrombotic disease in a mouse model