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P orphyromonas gingivalis  is a  g ram‐negative, non‐motile, anaerobic bacterium implicated as a major pathogen in periodontal disease.   P . gingivalis  grows as black‐pigmented colonies on blood agar, and many bacteriologists have shown interest in this property. Studies of colonial pigmentation have revealed a number of important findings, including an association with the highly active extracellular and surface proteinases called gingipains that are found in   P . gingivalis . The  P or secretion system, a novel type  IX  secretion system ( T 9 SS ), has been implicated in gingipain secretion in studies using non‐pigmented mutants. In addition, many potent virulence proteins, including the metallocarboxypeptidase  CPG 70, 35 k D a hemin‐binding protein  HBP 35, peptidylarginine deiminase  PAD  and Lys‐specific serine endopeptidase Pep K , are secreted through the T9SS. These findings have not been limited to   P . gingivalis  but have been extended to other bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. Many Bacteroidetes species possess the T9SS, which is associated with gliding motility for some of these bacteria.

P orphyromonas gingivalis and related bacteria: from colonial pigmentation to the type IX secretion system and gliding motility