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Aims/Introduction  Differentially expressed microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in the placenta and circulating exosomes are of diagnostic value for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In a cross‐sectional study, we identified miRNAs expressed both in the placenta and circulating exosomes of pregnant women with GDM, and estimated their diagnostic value.    Materials and Methods  Next‐generation sequencing was used to identify miRNAs in the placenta that were differentially expressed between GDM and normal glucose tolerance pregnancies. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the identified targets. Western blot and transmission electron microscopy were used to validate exosomes. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to establish diagnostic models based on miRNAs expression, and the diagnostic value was estimated using the receiver operator characteristic curve.    Results  We identified 157 dysregulated miRNAs in the placental tissue obtained from GDM pregnancies. Of these, miRNA‐125b was downregulated ( P  < 0.001), whereas miRNA‐144 was upregulated ( P  < 0.001). The patterns of these two miRNAs remained the same in circulating exosomes from GDM pregnancies (all  P  < 0.001). miRNA‐144 levels in the circulating exosomes negatively correlated with body mass index both before pregnancy ( P  = 0.018) and before delivery ( P  = 0.039), and positively correlated with blood glucose at 1 h, estimated using the oral glucose tolerance test ( P  = 0.044). The area under curve for the established diagnostic model was 0.898, which was higher than blood glucose levels at 0 h.    Conclusions  These findings suggest that miRNA‐125b and miRNA‐144 are consistently dysregulated in circulating exosomes and the placenta from GDM pregnancies, and are of excellent diagnostic value for GDM.

Diagnostic value of dysregulated microribonucleic acids in the placenta and circulating exosomes in gestational diabetes mellitus