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Aims/Introduction  This study investigated whether participation by patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan’s pay‐for‐performance (P4P) program and maintaining good continuity of care (COC) with their healthcare provider reduced the likelihood of future complications, such as retinopathy.    Materials and Methods  The analysis used longitudinal panel data for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes from the National Health Insurance claims database in Taiwan. COC was measured annually from 2003 to 2013, and was used to allocate the patients to low, medium and high groups. Cox regression analysis was used with time ‐ dependent (time‐varying) covariates in a reduced model (with only P4P or COC), and the full model was adjusted with other covariates.    Results  Despite the same significant effects of treatment at primary care, the Diabetes Complications Severity Index scores were significantly associated with the development of retinopathy. After adjusting for these, the hazard ratios for developing retinopathy among P4P participants in the low, medium and high COC groups were 0.594 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.398–0.898,  P  = 0.012), 0.676 (95% CI 0.520–0.867,  P  = 0.0026) and 0.802 (95% CI 0.603–1.030,  P  = 0.1062), respectively. Thus, patients with low or median COC who participated in the P4P program had a significantly lower risk of retinopathy than those who did not.    Conclusions  Diabetes care requires a long‐term relationship between patients and their care providers. Besides encouraging patients to participate in P4P programs, health authorities should provide more incentives for providers or patients to regularly survey patients’ lipid profiles and glucose levels, and reward the better interpersonal relationship to prevent retinopathy.

journal of diabetes investigation

Synergy between the pay‐for‐performance scheme and better physician–patient relationship might reduce the risk of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes