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The intracellular glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) signaling pathway, which involves cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), exchange protein directly activated by cAMP, cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and adenosine triphosphate‐sensitive potassium channels, has been widely accepted as a common mechanism of GLP‐1‐stimulated insulin secretion. Recent studies showed that a stimulatory effect of GLP‐1 is also mediated by cAMP/PKA‐independent mechanisms, including induction of Gαq activity followed by phospholipase C and protein kinase C activation. Furthermore, transient receptor potential 4 and transient receptor potential 5 channels play a role in protein kinase C‐induced Ca 2+  current. This pathway is a unique action mechanism of GLP‐1 at physiologically low concentrations.

New concept of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 signaling pathway on pancreatic insulin secretion