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Aims/Introduction  Research has proved a correlation between glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists ( GLP ‐1  RA s) and gastrointestinal adverse events. Predominantly, nausea and vomiting are frequent gastrointestinal adverse events that lead to the discontinuation of  GLP ‐1  RA s treatment. The present study aims to investigate clinical factors related to nausea and vomiting, considering diabetic complications and agents affecting the gastrointestinal tract, such as proton pump inhibitors ( PPI s) and histamine‐2 receptor antagonists (H2 RA s), in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with  GLP ‐1  RA s.    Materials and Methods  This retrospective study included Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who started receiving  GLP ‐1  RA s therapy. We assessed nausea and vomiting up to 48 weeks after treatment with  GLP ‐1  RA s and used Fine–Gray's proportional hazards model to investigate clinical factors related to nausea and vomiting.    Results  A total of 130 patients were included in this study. Patients with  PPI s or H2 RA s showed a higher incidence of nausea and vomiting at 48 weeks than those without  PPI s or H2 RA s. The multivariate analysis revealed that female sex, retinopathy and treatment with  PPI s or H2 RA s were statistically significant risk factors for nausea and vomiting. Analysis of patients without  PPI s or H2 RA s showed that female sex and retinopathy were also statistically significant risk factors.    Conclusions  The present study showed a significant correlation of  PPI s or H2 RA s, female sex, and diabetic retinopathy with nausea and vomiting in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with  GLP ‐1  RA s. Hence, the occurrence of nausea and vomiting in patients with these factors warrants attention.

journal of diabetes investigation

Clinical factors associated with the occurrence of nausea and vomiting in type 2 diabetes patients treated with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists