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Aims  To better understand the parameters that govern spore dissemination after lung exposure using  in vitro  cell systems.    Methods and Results  We evaluated the kinetics of uptake, germination and proliferation of  Bacillus anthracis  Sterne spores in association with human primary lung epithelial cells, Calu‐3 and A549 cell lines. We also analysed the influence of various cell culture medium formulations related to spore germination.    Conclusions  We found negligible spore uptake by epithelial cells, but germination and proliferation of spores in the serum‐free extracellular environment was evident. Spore germination was appreciably higher in immortalized cell cultures than in primary epithelial cells. Additionally, spores still germinated apically at a mucus‐secreting air–liquid interface lung barrier that was devoid of cell culture medium much earlier than medium‐only controls.    Significance and Impact of the Study  The role of lung epithelial cells in  B. anthracis  spore dissemination after inhalation remains poorly defined and rather controversial. These results are novel as they show spore germination is appreciably enhanced in the presence of lung cells  in vitro , however, the cell line and cell state (air–liquid interface  vs  submerged in medium) dictates the extent of germination and in some cases proliferation.

Bacillus anthracis spores germinate extracellularly at air–liquid interface in an in vitro lung model under serum‐free conditions