T cell‐derived tumour necrosis factor is essential, but not sufficient, for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

SUMMARY Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is critical for sustained protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To investigate the relative contributions of macrophage‐ and T cell‐derived TNF towards  this immunity T cells from wild‐type (WT) or TNF –/– mice were transferred into RAG –/– or TNF –/– mice which were then infected with M. tuberculosis . Infected RAG –/– mice and RAG –/– recipients of TNF deficient T cells developed overwhelming infection, with extensive pulmonary and hepatic necrosis and succumbed with a median of only 16 days infection. By contrast, RAG –/– recipients of WT T cells showed a significant increase in survival with a median of 32 days. Although initial bacterial growth was similar in all groups of RAG –/– mice, the transfer of WT, but not TNF –/– , T cells led to the formation of discrete foci of leucocytes and macrophages and delayed the development of necrotizing pathology. To determine requirements for macrophage‐derived TNF, WT or TNF –/– T cells were transferred into TNF –/– mice at the time of M. tuberculosis infection. Transfer of WT T cells significantly prolonged survival and reduced the early tissue necrosis evident in the TNF –/– mice, however, these mice eventually succumbed indicating that T cell‐derived TNF alone is insufficient to control the infection. Therefore, both T cell‐ and macrophage‐derived TNF play distinct roles in orchestrating the protective inflammatory response and enhancing survival during M. tuberculosis infection.