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Colour patterns in butterflies and moths are crucial traits for adaptation. Previous investigations have highlighted genes responsible for pigmentation (ie  yellow  and  ebony ). However, the mechanisms by which these genes are regulated in lepidopteran insects remain poorly understood. To elucidate this, molecular studies involving dipterans have largely analysed the  cis ‐regulatory regions of pigmentation genes and have revealed  cis ‐regulatory modularity. Here, we used well‐developed transgenic techniques in  Bombyx mori  and demonstrated that  cis ‐regulatory modularity controls tissue‐specific expression of the  yellow  gene. We first identified which body parts are regulated by the  yellow  gene via black pigmentation. We then isolated three discrete regulatory elements driving tissue‐specific gene expression in three regions of  B. mori  larvae. Finally, we found that there is no apparent sequence conservation of  cis ‐regulatory regions between  B. mori  and  Drosophila melanogaster , and no expression driven by the regulatory regions of one species when introduced into the other species. Therefore, the  trans ‐regulatory landscapes of the  yellow  gene differ significantly between the two taxa. The results of this study confirm that lepidopteran species use  cis ‐regulatory modules to control gene expression related to pigmentation, and represent a powerful cadre of transgenic tools for studying evolutionary developmental mechanisms.

Modular cis ‐regulatory logic of yellow gene expression in silkmoth larvae